Biochemistry & Metabolomics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches & methods of physics to study biological structures. Biophysics covers all aspects of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations which includes structure & dynamics of molecules, cells & tissues, the influence of environment, energy transformation &  transfer, thermodynamics, biological motility, population dynamics & cell differentiation modeling, biomechanics & tissue rheology, non-linear phenomena, mathematical cybernetics modeling of complex systems, computational biology.

Metabolomics could be a general study of metabolites that are tiny molecules produced by the method of metabolism. The metabolic profile of secretion will give associate degree early outlook of the changes related to a large vary of diseases. It's attainable to measure levels of disease‐specific metabolites exploitation completely different strategies as given during this study. Metabolites, especially when present at atypical levels, can be indicators of rare metabolic diseases. Understanding the implicated metabolic pathways is essential for successful disease diagnosis and treatment. 

Applying principles of Biochemistry for the protection of environment is the main concern of environmental biochemistry. The main themes include managing water quality and air resources, protection from radiation, to maintain industrial hygiene etc. Environmental biochemists employ living organism and their capabilities for such purposes. The environmental biochemistry is covered in studying microbial metabolism of pollutants with emphasis on elucidation of metabolites and critical metabolic reactions.

Molecular Biology is the field of biology that studies the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins that carry out the biological processes essential for the cells functions and maintenance. Molecular Biology covers a wide scope of problems related to molecular and cell biology including structural and functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, biomedicine, molecular enzymology, molecular virology and molecular immunology, theoretical bases of biotechnology, physics and physical chemistry of proteins and nucleic acids.

.

Biomathematics is the branch of applied mathematics which is the use of mathematical models to help understand phenomena in biology. Mathematical models are important tools in basic scientific research in many areas of biology, including physiology, ecology, evolution, toxicology, immunology, natural resource management, and conservation biology. The result obtained from analysis and simulation of system models are used to test and extend biological theory, and to suggest new hypotheses or experiments. 

Biostatistics is the branch of statistics responsible for the proper interpretation of scientific data generated in the biology, public health and other health sciences (i.e., the biomedical sciences). Biostatistics is integral to the advance of knowledge in biology, health policy, clinical medicine, public health policy, health economics, proteomics, genomics, and other disciplines. Biostatisticians help answer pressing research questions in medicine, biology and public health, such as whether a new drug works, what causes cancer and other diseases, and how long a person with a certain illness is likely to survive.

Metabolomics is an innovative science where the research teams are actively engaged in developing new methods to advance highly sensitive low metabolite number panels. It is the global analysis of all or a large number of cellular metabolites. Like other functional genomics research, metabolomics produces significant amounts of data. Management, processing and analysis of this data is a clear encounter and requires specialized mathematical, statistical and bioinformatics tools.

Bioinformatics is a field of biological science which is defined as the study of the inherent structure of biological information. Bioinformatics combines Computer science, Mathematics as well as Engineering. Bioinformatics links with biological data with techniques for information storage, distribution, and analysis to support multiple areas of scientific research, including biomedicine. This subject is fed by modern high-throughput data-generating experiments, concluding determinations of genomic sequence and measurements of gene expression patterns.

Industrial Biochemistry is the part of biotechnology. Aim of the Industrial Biochemistry is to integrate the knowledge of biochemistry and molecular biology with those of microbiology and biochemical engineering, with emphasis on their application to the biotechnological processes.

Structural Biochemistry is generally referred as biochemistry and this is a combination of biology, physics, and chemistry to study and to summarize some mutual principles in living organisms. The main aim of Biochemists is to describe mechanisms, molecular structure and chemical processes shared by all organisms, providing organizing principles that comprises of life in all its diverse forms.

Metabolomics is the study of the metabolic fingerprints where all cellular processes leave behind in a living biological sample. This study in the context of ophthalmology has largely concentrated to specify the characteristics of retinal or eye diseases where has involve mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Therefore it is important for health professionals and researchers involved in the speciality to understand the basic principles of metabolomics experiments. Metabolomics has deepened our understanding of the causes of retinal degeneration.

Antibody engineering is employed within the treatment of various diseases and lots of diagnostic tests. Every protein binds terribly specifically to just one form of cell or molecule and antibody technology permits researchers to focus on specific cells (Maynard).The applications of antibody engineering are prospering because of this specific binding of antibodies and antigens. Production ways of antibodies still progress, creating it potential to get antibodies specific to virtually any substance. Rising applications of antibody engineering embody cancer medical aid and radioimmunodetection of tumors. Antibodies present several exciting potentialities to the longer term of drugs.

Clinical biochemistry is a study of chemical and biochemical mechanisms of the body in relation to diseases mostly through the analysis of body fluid such as urine, blood and other body fluid. It is done by producing and validating the results of chemical and biochemical analyses. Biochemical tests are designed to detect these changes qualitatively or quantitatively compared to results from healthy people. Clinical biochemistry uses a broad range of analytical techniques for example, molecular diagnostics, measurement of enzyme activities, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, the separation of molecules based on physical characteristics and immunoassays.

Forensic Biochemistry/Science is the utilization of science to criminal and civil laws. Forensic scientists collect, preserve & inspects experimental confirmation over the period of an investigation. While some forensic scientists reach to the crime scene to collect the proof themselves, others involve a laboratory part and execute their analysis on objects brought to them by other people.

Pharmaceutical Biochemistry consist the knowledge of biochemistry & chemistry and it also applies to the production of many useful drugs. The research activities of the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry consist of drug discovery and development process, providing an interface that brings together pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry, structural biology, computational chemistry and bio pharmaceutics. It provides a complete understanding of all chemical processes occurring and associated with living cells at the molecular level that is related to drug action. It also helps to gain awareness on the adverse effects, molecular targets and characterization of drugs or other chemical substance within the living cells & organisms.

Biophysical techniques are a method to study the structure, properties, dynamics or function of biomolecules at an atomic or molecular level. They encompass a range of techniques including microscopy, spectroscopy, electrophysiology, single-molecule methods and molecular modeling.

Metabolic Biochemistry is the process occurring in living cells to extract, convert and store energy from nutrients comprising of a complex network of chemical reactions within the  a cell. The metabolic chemical reactions are carried out in a sequence called metabolic pathway with the help of enzymes. From here arise academic disciplines such as bioenergetics, Nutritional Biochemistry and clinical organic chemistry. The processing framework is the arrangement of science and strategies committed to complete investigation of the framework including the arrangement of particles that are metabolic intermediates and auxiliary metabolites, which can be found in a biological system.

Clinical pathology covers a large varies of laboratory functions and supports the identification of disease exploitation laboratory testing of blood and different bodily fluids, tissues, and microscopic analysis of individual cells. Clinical pathologists are health care suppliers with special training who usually through all of the special divisions of the laboratory.

Gene expression is the procedure by which genetic commands are used to synthesize gene products. These products are usually proteins, which go on to perform essential functions as enzymes, hormones and receptors. Therefore, the thousands of genes expressed in a particular cell determine what that cell can do. Moreover, each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein provides the cell with a potential control point for self-regulating its purposes by regulating the amount and type of proteins it manufactures.

Genetic engineering denotes to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s features in a particular way. Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to improve one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism. Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.

Protein Engineering is the procedure of creating helpful proteins and it research happens into the comprehension of collapsing and acknowledgment for protein plan standards. Analysts will have further point by point learning on In vitro development of proteins, Aspects of Biocatalysis, Advances in designing proteins for Biocatalysis, Protein Engineered Biomaterials and many subjects.

Epidemiology is a quantitative discipline built on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods. It is a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses pertaining to occurrence and prevention of morbidity and mortality; and also a tool for public health action to promote and protect the public's health based on science, causal reasoning, and a dose of practical common sense. Originally, epidemiology was concerned with epidemics of communicable diseases. The discipline was extended to endemic communicable diseases and non-communicable infectious diseases. Modern epidemiology has been applied to chronic diseases, injuries, birth defects, maternal-child health, occupational health, and environmental health. Now, even behaviors related to health and well-being (amount of exercise, seat-belt use, etc.) are recognized as valid subjects for applying epidemiologic methods. 

Biochemical pathways help a lot in understanding the cancer cells. The transforming nature of the cancer cells can be better understood through the biochemical program of quantitative and qualitative imbalance.In this generation, treatment of cancer is evolving through many new methods.

Animal Biochemistry is the study of various synthetic reactions going on in the body of animal for life. The exploration concentrate on animal’s natural chemistry profoundly pertinent to the comprehension of real parts of veterinary science and creature cultivation in order to comprehend the digestion system and capacity of creatures in well-being and sickness. Animal Biochemistry researches are also related to applied sciences such as animal nutrition, dairy science, pharmacology, animal physiology, animal genetics, clinical pathology, medicine and so on.

Plant Biochemistry is a field of biochemistry which also includes molecular mechanisms of plant life. Plant biochemistry is concluded applied biological science, which now at a revolutionary phase of its development or improvement, is in a position to contribute to the solution of important economic problems. Plant Biochemistry is included the biochemistry of intermediary metabolism and the secondary plant compounds, as well as molecular biology and other sections of plant sciences such as plant physiology and the cell biology of plants, co-operate closely with one another.

Obesity is an uncharacteristic or excessive body fat accretion. It is recognized by a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher. Metabolic syndrome is accompanying with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Insulin conflict, metabolic disease, and pre-diabetes are closely interconnected to one another and have overlapping aspects. The syndrome is thought to be caused by an underlying disorder of energy exploitation and storage. The source of the syndrome is an area of on-going medical research. Complications triggered comprise cardiovascular disorders (particularly in people with excess abdominal fat), diabetes mellitus, assured cancers, cholelithiasis, fatty liver, cirrhosis, osteoarthritis, reproductive syndromes in men and women, psychological disorders, and, for people with BMI ≥ 35, premature death.

Computational Chemists are developed and applied the computer programs to answer key questions in biochemistry. They improve the model, predict, visualize, and analyse the structures, functions, and interactions of biologically important molecules. Computational chemistry is a division of chemistry that uses computer replication to assist in solving chemical problems. This field of science is used for methods of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into efficient computer programs, to calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids.

Chemical biology is that the subdivision of science wherever the study of the chemicals & chemical responses concerned in biological processes, incorporating the disciplines of bioorganic chemistry, biochemistry, cell biology and pharmacological medicine.

The Food Biochemistry gathering plans to enhance understanding of detailed composition of foods, especially food components that have beneficial effects on human health. It include utilization of modern chemical and biochemical analytical methods of food components and their reactions, model systems to study their reactions and efficient statistical tools for data analysis to get the maximum informative value.

Nutritional biochemistry is the study of nutrition as a science. It deals with various studies in nutrients, food constituents and their function regarding humans and other mammals, nutritional biochemistry specifically focuses on nutrient chemical components, and how they function biochemically, physiologically, metabolically, as well as their impact on disease. Nutritional Biochemical research is mostly involved upon defining dietary and nutritional needs in sick and healthy individuals and the reduction of side effects of pharmaceutical drugs.